C : Implement Stack Using Array

Code:

//stack using array
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
int stack[100],choice,n,top,x,i;
void push();
void pop();
void display();
void main()
{
    //clrscr();
    top=-1;
    printf("\n Enter the size of STACK[MAX=100]:");
    scanf("%d",&n);
    printf("\n\t STACK OPERATIONS USING ARRAY");
    printf("\n\t--------------------------------");
    printf("\n\t 1.PUSH\n\t 2.POP\n\t 3.DISPLAY\n\t 4.EXIT");
    do
    {
        printf("\n Enter the Choice:");
        scanf("%d",&choice);
        switch(choice)
        {
        case 1:
        {
            push();
            break;
        }
        case 2:
        {
            pop();
            break;
        }
        case 3:
        {
            display();
            break;
        }
        case 4:
        {
            printf("\n\t EXIT POINT ");
            break;
        }
        default:
        {
            printf ("\n\t Please Enter a Valid Choice(1/2/3/4)");
        }
        getch();
        }
    }
    while(choice!=4);
}
void push()
{
    if(top>=n-1)
    {
        printf("\n\tSTACK is over flow");
        getch();
    }
    else
    {
        printf(" Enter a value to be pushed:");
        scanf("%d",&x);
        top++;
        stack[top]=x;
    }
}
void pop()
{
    if(top<=-1)
    {
        printf("\n\t Stack is under flow");
    }
    else
    {
        printf("\n\t The popped elements is %d",stack[top]);
        top--;
    }
}
void display()
{
    if(top>=0)
    {
        printf("\n The elements in STACK \n");
        for(i=top; i>=0; i--)
            printf("\n%d",stack[i]);
        printf("\n Press Next Choice");
    }
    else
    {
        printf("\n The STACK is empty");
    }
}

Output:

Enter the size of STACK[MAX=100]:10

         STACK OPERATIONS USING ARRAY
        --------------------------------
         1.PUSH
         2.POP
         3.DISPLAY
         4.EXIT
 Enter the Choice:1
 Enter a value to be pushed:12

 Enter the Choice:1
 Enter a value to be pushed:24

 Enter the Choice:1
 Enter a value to be pushed:98

 Enter the Choice:3

 The elements in STACK

98
24
12
 Press Next Choice
 Enter the Choice:2

         The popped elements is 98
 Enter the Choice:3

 The elements in STACK

24
12
 Press Next Choice
 Enter the Choice:4

         EXIT POINT

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Related Programs:

VB 6.0 : Largest and Smallest Array Values

Click Here

https://social.msdn.microsoft.com/Forums/en-US/aac67831-323e-442f-b5bc-7d5de53aeca8/getting-largest-and-smallest-number-from-an-array-and-placing-them-in-2-different-labels?forum=Vsexpressvb

C++ : Find Determinant NxN Matrix

Click Here

http://www.sanfoundry.com/cpp-program-find-determinant-given-matrix/

VB 6.0 : Determinant NxN Matrix

Click Here

http://www.freevbcode.com/ShowCode.asp?ID=1685

C : Find determinant of a matrix

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http://www.cquestions.com/2011/09/c-program-to-find-determinant-of-matrix.html

VB 6.0 : How To Change a Label's Caption Using a Scroll Bar

Related Video:

VB 6.0 : Area and circumference of circle

click here: http://www.infolet.org/2012/12/vb-visual-basic-find-area-triangle-circle-rectangle.html

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VB 6.0: Array in ascending order

click here : 

Array in ascending order

VB 6.0 :Addition of digits of a number

coming soon...

VB 6.0 : Simple Calculator

  Design:

Fig-1:Object Arrangement

Code:

Private Sub Form_Load()
     Label1.Caption = "Enter 1st Number"
     Label2.Caption = "Enter 2nd Number"
     Label3.Caption = ""
     Label3.FontSize = 17
     Label4.Caption = "Result:"
     Text1.Text = ""
     Text2.Text = ""
     Option1.Caption = "ADD"
     Option2.Caption = "SUB"
     Option3.Caption = "MULT"
     Option4.Caption = "DIV"
End Sub

Private Sub Option1_Click()
    Label3.Caption = Val(Text1.Text) + Val(Text2.Text)
End Sub

Private Sub Option2_Click()
    Label3.Caption = Val(Text1.Text) - Val(Text2.Text)
End Sub

Private Sub Option3_Click()
    Label3.Caption = Val(Text1.Text) * Val(Text2.Text)
End Sub

Private Sub Option4_Click()
    Label3.Caption = Val(Text1.Text) / Val(Text2.Text)
End Sub 

Output:

Fig-2: First Output

Fig-3: Second Output

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• VB 6.0 : Advance Calculator
• VB 6.0 : Scientific Calculator

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What is a computer VIRUS?

Virus (Vital Information Resources Under Seize)

        A computer virus is malicious code that replicates by copying itself to another program, computer boot sector or document and changes how a computer works. The virus requires someone to knowingly or unknowingly spread the infection without the knowledge or permission of a user or system administrator. In contrast, a computer worm is stand-alone programming that does not need to copy itself to a host program or require human interaction to spread. Viruses and worms may also be referred to as malware.        A virus can be spread by opening an email attachment, clicking on an executable file, visiting an infected website or viewing an infected website advertisement. It can also be spread through infected removable storage devices, such USB drives. Once a virus has infected the host, it can infect other system software or resources, modify or disable core functions or applications, as well as copy, delete or encrypt data. Some viruses begin replicating as soon as they infect the host, while other viruses will lie dormant until a specific trigger causes malicious code to be executed by the device or system.            Many viruses also include evasion or obfuscation capabilities that are designed to bypass modern antivirus and anti-malware software and other security defenses. The rise of polymorphic malware development, which can dynamically change its code as it spreads, has also made viruses more difficult to detect and identify.

Types of viruses:

• File infectors: Some file infector viruses attach themselves to program files, usually selected .com or .exe files. Some can infect any program for which execution is requested, including .sys, .ovl, .prg, and .mnu files. When the program is loaded, the virus is loaded as well. Other file infector viruses arrive as wholly contained programs or scripts sent as an attachment to an email note.

• Macro viruses: These viruses specifically target macro language commands in applications like Microsoft Word and other programs. In Word, macros are saved sequences for commands or keystrokes that are embedded in the documents. Macro viruses can add their malicious code to the legitimate macro sequences in a Word file. Microsoft disabled macros by default in more recent versions of Word; as a result, hackers have used social engineering schemes to convince targeted users to enable macros and launch the virus. As macro viruses have seen a resurgence in recent years, Microsoft added a new feature in Office 2016 that allows security managers to selectively enable macro use for trusted workflows only, as well as block macros across an organization.
• Overwrite viruses: Some viruses are designed specifically to destroy a file or application's data. After infecting a system, an overwrite virus begins overwriting files with its own code. These viruses can target specific files or applications or systematically overwrite all files on an infected device. An overwrite virus can install new code in files and applications that programs them to spread the virus to additional files, applications and systems.
• Polymorphic viruses: A polymorphic virus is a type of malware that has the ability to change or mutate its underlying code without changing its basic functions or features. This process helps a virus evade detection from many antimalware and threat detection products that rely on identifying signatures of malware; once a polymorphic virus' signature is identified by a security product, the virus can then alter itself so that it will no longer be detected using that signature.
• Resident viruses: This type of virus embeds itself in the memory of a system. The original virus program isn't needed to infect new files or applications; even if the original virus is deleted, the version stored in memory can be activated when the operating system loads a specific application or function. Resident viruses are problematic because they can evade antivirus and anti-malware software by hiding in the system's RAM.
• Rootkit viruses: A rootkit virus is a type of malware that installs an unauthorized rootkit on an infected system, giving attackers full control of the system with the ability to fundamentally modify or disable functions and programs. Rootkit viruses were designed to bypass antivirus software, which typically scanned only applications and files. More recent versions of major antivirus and antimalware programs include rootkit scanning to identify and mitigate these types of viruses.
• System or boot-record infectors: These viruses infect executable code found in certain system areas on a disk. They attach to the DOS boot sector on diskettes and USB thumb drives or the Master Boot Record on hard disks. In a typical attack scenario, the victim receives storage device that contains a boot disk virus. When the victim's operating system is running, files on the external storage device can infect the system; rebooting the system will trigger the boot disk virus. An infected storage device connected to a computer can modify or even replace the existing boot code on the infected system so that when the system is booted next, the virus will be loaded and run immediately as part of the master boot record. Boot viruses are less common now as today's devices rely less on physical storage media.

VB 6.0: Control text size of TextBox using Scroll Bar

Visual Basic program to control fontsize of text of text box using scroll bar 

Disign :

Code:

//for more program please visit www.programtubenotes.blogspot.in 

Private Sub Form_Load()
VScroll1.Min = 1
VScroll1.Max = 200
Text1.Text = "Program Tube"
End Sub

Private Sub VScroll1_Change()
Text1.FontSize = VScroll1.Value
End Sub

Output:

 

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C: Sudoku Solver

Sudoku Game in 'C'

Figure: Sudoku

   Here i have developed a program in C to solve Sudoku for 2x2 to 9x9 matrix! the code will ask for no of rows and columns at first, it means you have to add 2 by 2,or 3x3,or ...9x9, now give the inputs one by one and after entering each i/p press enter, after finishing giving i/ps,it will show the sudoku matrix, and you can verify, whether your sodoku is correct or incorrect. And if incorrect, which column or row has the wrong i/p, try out this new code. An example is shown with 3X3 matrix, you can try out with diff matrix even. Hoping to have Good Response.

Code:

//**source code in C**//
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
main()
{
  
    int i,j,n,s;
int k,l;
int value[9][9];
    int total_row[9];
    int total_col[9];
    printf("'enter the inputs of a soduko,and check whether its correct or not'\n");
printf("\n input no of 'rows x column' \n");

    scanf("\n%d",&k);
    scanf("\t%d",&l);
  
    printf("values\n");
    for(i=0;i<k;i++)
    {
  
        total_row[i]=0;
        for(j=0;j<l;j++)
        {
            scanf("%d",&value[i][j]);
          
            total_row[i]=total_row[i]+value[i][j];
        }
    }
  
  
for(j=0;j<l;j++)
    {
        total_col[j]=0;
        for(i=0;i<k;i++)
        {
          
            total_col[j]=total_col[j]+value[i][j];


        }
    }


for(i=0;i<k;i++)
    {
        printf("\n");
        for(j=0;j<l;j++)
        {
            printf(" \t %d ",value[i][j]);
        }
    }



s=((k*(k+1))/2);
for(n=0;n<k;n++)
{
    if((total_col[n])!=s)
  
      
    printf("\n incorrect i/p's col_%d ",n+1 );
  
    else if((total_row[n])!=s)
  
    printf(" incorrect i/p's row_%d ",n+1);
    else if(total_row[n] && s && total_col[n])
  
    printf("\n correct i/p for both %d  row and col ",n+1);
  
    else if(total_row[n] && s )
  
    printf("\n correct i/p for %d  row  ",n+1);
    else if(s && total_col[n])
  
    printf("\n correct i/p for %d  col ",n+1);
  
  
    else
    {
    }
}
//fflush(stdin);
getch();
getch();
getch();
getch();
getch();
getch();
getch();
getch();
}

Output:

computer security

COMPUTER SECURITY

Computer security is the protection of the items you value, called the assets of a computer or computer system. There are many types of assets, involving hardware, software, data, people, processes, or combinations of these. To determine what to protect, we must first identify what has value and to whom.

  A computer device (including hardware, added components, and accessories) is certainly an asset. Because most computer hardware is pretty useless without programs, the software is also an asset. Software includes the operating system, utilities and device handlers; applications such as word processing, media players or email handlers; and even programs that you may have written yourself. Much hardware and software is offthe-shelf, meaning that it is commercially available (not custom-made for your purpose) and that you can easily get a replacement. The thing that makes your computer unique and important to you is its content: photos, tunes, papers, email messages, projects, calendar information, books (with your annotations), contact information, code you created, and the like. Thus, data items on a computer are assets, too. Unlike most hardware and software, data can be hard—if not impossible—to recreate or replace. These assets are all shown in Figure 1-2.

  These three things—hardware, software, and data—contain or express things like the design for your next new product, the photos from your recent vacation, the chapters of your new book, or the genome sequence resulting from your recent research. All of these things represent intellectual endeavor or property, and they have value that differs from one person or organization to another. It is that value that makes them assets worthy of protection, and they are the elements we want to protect. Other assets—such as access to data, quality of service, processes, human users, and network connectivity—deserve protection, too; they are affected or enabled by the hardware, software, and data. So in most cases, protecting hardware, software, and data covers these other assets as well.

   In this information, unless we specifically distinguish between hardware, software, and data, we refer to all these assets as the computer system, or sometimes as the computer. And because processors are embedded in so many devices, we also need to think about such variations as mobile phones, implanted pacemakers, heating controllers, and automobiles. Even if the primary purpose of the device is not computing, the device’s embedded computer can be involved in security incidents and represents an asset worthy of protection.

FIGURE 1-2 Computer Objects of Value

Hardware:
• Computer
• Devices (disk drives, memory, printer)
• Network gear
Software:
• Operating system
• Utilities (antivirus)
• Commercial applications (word processing, photo editing)
• Individual applications
Data:
• Documents
• Photos
• Music, videos
• Email
• Class projects

What is a Firewall?

Firewall

A firewall is software used to maintain the security of a private network. Firewalls block unauthorized access to or from private networks and are often employed to prevent unauthorized Web users or illicit software from gaining access to private networks connected to the Internet. A firewall may be implemented using hardware, software, or a combination of both.

(Firewall between Client & Server)

                 

A firewall is recognized as the first line of defense in securing sensitive information. For better safety, the data can be encrypted.

Firewalls generally use two or more of the following methods:

• Packet Filtering: Firewalls filter packets that attempt to enter or leave a network and either accept or reject them depending on the predefined set of filter rules.
• Application Gateway: The application gateway technique employs security methods applied to certain applications such as Telnet and File Transfer Protocol servers.
• Circuit-Level Gateway: A circuit-level gateway applies these methods when a connection such as Transmission Control Protocol is established and packets start to move.
• Proxy Servers: Proxy servers can mask real network addresses and intercept every message that enters or leaves a network.
• Stateful Inspection or Dynamic Packet Filtering: This method compares not just the header information, but also a packet’s most important inbound and outbound data parts. These are then compared to a trusted information database for characteristic matches. This determines whether the information is authorized to cross the firewall into the network.

VB 6.0: Scientific Calculator

Scientific Calculator Created Using Visual Basic

This is a calculator that resembles a typical scientific calculator , albeit a simpler version. In our version, we have only included the trigonometric functions and the logarithmic functions. The reason of creating a simpler version of the calculator is to help users to learn the programming concepts in a gradual manner and not to confuse them especially those who are learning to program in Visual Basic.
To design the interface, we just to need to modify the interface of the basic calculator that we have created earlier using Visual Basic 6.  In this calculator, we have added five more buttons, they are Sin, Cos, Tan, Log and Ln.  The common trigonometric functions in Visual Basic 6 are Sin, Cos, Tan and Atn.
a) Sin is the function that computes the value of sine of an angle in radian.
b) Cos is the function that computes the value of cosine of an angle in radian.
c) Tan is the function that computes the value of tangent of an angle in radian.
d) Atn is the function that computes the value of arc tangent of an angle in radian.
Log computes the value of logarithm to base 10 whilst Ln computes the value of natural logarithm.
An angle in degree has to be converted to radian before it can be calculated by the above trigonometric functions. From high school mathematics, we know that π radian is equivalent to 180°; which means 1 radian is equivalent to π divided by 180. Therefore, in order to convert an angle x from degree to radian, we have to multiply x by (π/180). However, there is a small problem because it is rather difficult to obtain the precise value of π, fortunately, there is a way to do it in VB. First of all, we know that an arc tangent of 1 will return the value of 45° which is π/4 radian. So, to obtain the value of π, just multiply the arc tangent of 1 with 4. Now, we are ready to enter the code for all the above additional buttons.

For the Sin button, enter the following code:

Private Sub CmdSin_Click()
sinx = Round(Sin(displayValue * 4 * Atn(1) / 180), 4)
panel.Caption = sinx
End Sub
* The Round function is to correct the output to certain number of decimal places.
For the Cos button, enter the following code:
Private Sub CmdCos_Click()
cosx = Round(Cos(displayValue * 4 * Atn(1) / 180), 4)
panel.Caption = cosx
End Sub
For the Tan button, enter the following code:
Private Sub CmdTan_Click()
tanx = Round(Tan(displayValue * 4 * Atn(1) / 180), 4)
panel.Caption = tanx
End Sub
For the Ln button, enter the following code:
Private Sub CmdLn_Click()
panel.Caption = Log(displayValue)
End Sub
and for the Log button, enter the following code:
Private Sub CmdLog_Click()
panel.Caption = Log(displayValue) / Log(10)
End Sub
The interface is shown below:

Scientific Calculator created using Visual Basic 6

VB 6.0: The Integrated Development Environment

Visual Basic 6 - Getting Started,IDE,Menu Bar, ToolBox, Project Explorer,Properties Window, Object Browser

Visual Basic is initiated by using the Programs option > Microsoft Visual Basic 6.0 > Visual Basic 6.0. Clicking the Visual Basic icon, we can view a copyright screen enlisting the details of the
license holder of the copy of Visual Basic 6.0. Then it opens in to a new screen as shown in figure 1 below, with the interface elements Such as MenuBar, ToolBar, The New Project dialog
box. These elements permit the user to buid different types of Visual Basic applications.

The Integrated Development Environment

One of the most significant changes in Visual Basic 6.0 is the Integrated Development Environment (IDE). IDE is a term commonly used in the programming world to describe the interface and environment that we use to create our applications. It is called integrated because we can access virtually all of the development tools that we need from one screen called an interface. The IDE is also commonly referred to as the design environment, or the program.

Tha Visual Basic IDE is made up of a number of components

• Menu Bar
• Tool Bar
• Project Explorer
• Properties window
• Form Layout Window
• Toolbox
• Form Designer
• Object Browser

In previous versions of Visual Basic, the IDE was designed as a Single Document Interface (SDI). In a Single Document Interface, each window is a free-floating window that is contained within a
main window and can move anywhere on the screen as long as Visual Basic is the current application. But, in Visual Basic 6.0, the IDE is in a Multiple Document Interface (MDI) format. In this format, the windows associated with the project will stay within a single container known as the parent. Code and form-based windows will stay within the main container form.
Figure 1 The Visual Basic startup dialog box 

Menu Bar

This Menu Bar displays the commands that are required to build an application. The main menu items have sub menu items that can be chosen when needed. The toolbars in the menu bar
provide quick access to the commonly used commands and a button in the toolbar is clicked once to carry out the action represented by it.

Toolbox

The Toolbox contains a set of controls that are used to place on a Form at design time thereby creating the user interface area. Additional controls can be included in the toolbox by using the
Components menu item on the Project menu. A Toolbox is represented in figure 2 shown below.
Figure 2 Toolbox window with its controls available commonly.

Controls

Pointer:Provides a way to move and resize the controls form
PictureBox:Displays icons/bitmaps and metafiles. It displays text or acts as a visual
container for other controls.
TextBox:Used to display message and enter text.
Frame:Serves as a visual and functional container for controls
CommandButton:Used to carry out the specified action when the user chooses it.
CheckBox:Displays a True/False or Yes/No option.
OptionButton:OptionButton control which is a part of an option group allows the user to select only one option even it displays mulitiple choices.
ListBox:Displays a list of items from which a user can select one.
ComboBox:Contains a TextBox and a ListBox.This allows the user to select an ietm from the dropdown ListBox, or to type in a selection in the TextBox.
HScrollBar and VScrollBar:These controls allow the user to select a value within the specified
range of values
Timer:Executes the timer events at specified intervals of time
DriveListBox:Displays the valid disk drives and allows the user to select one of them.
DirListBox: Allows the user to select the directories and paths, which are displayed.
FileListBox:Displays a set of files from which a user can select the desired one.
Shape:Used to add shape (rectangle, square or circle) to a Form Line Used to draw straight line to the Form
Image:used to display images such as icons, bitmaps and metafiles. But less capability than the PictureBox
Data:Enables the use to connect to an existing database and display information from it.
OLE:Used to link or embed an object, display and manipulate data from other windows based applications.
Label:Displays a text that the user cannot modify or interact with.

Project Explorer

Docked on the right side of the screen, just under the tollbar, is the Project Explorer window. The Project Explorer as shown in in figure servres as a quick reference to the various elements of a
project namely form, classes and modules. All of the object that make up the application are packed in a project. A simple project will typically contain one form, which is a window that is designed as part of a program's interface. It is possible to develop any number of forms for use in a program, although a program may consist of a single form. In addition to forms, the Project Explorer
window also lists code modules and classes.
Figure 3 Project Explorer

Properties Window

The Properties Window is docked under the Project Explorer window. The Properties Window exposes the various characteristics of selected objects. Each and every form in an application is considered an object. Now, each object in Visual Basic has characteristics such as color and size. Other characteristics affect not just the appearance of the object but the way it behaves too. All these characteristics of an object are called its properties. Thus, a form has properties and any controls
placed on it will have propeties too. All of these properties are displayed in the Properties Window.

Object Browser

The Object Browser allows us to browse through the various properties, events and methods that are made available to us. It is accessed by selecting Object Browser from the View menu or pressing the key F2. The left column of the Object Browser lists the objects and classes that are available in the projects that are opened and the controls that have been referenced in them. It is possible for us to scroll through the list and select the object or class that we wish to inspect. After an object is picked up from the Classes list, we can see its members (properties, methods and events) in the right column.
A property is represented by a small icon that has a hand holding a piece of paper. Methods are  denoted by little green blocks, while events are denoted by yellow lightning bolt icon.

Object naming conversions of controls (prefix)

Form -frm
Label-lbl
TextBox-txt
CommandButton-cmd
CheckBox -chk
OptionButton -opt
ComboBox -cbo
ListBox-lst
Frame-fme
PictureBox -pic
Image-img
Shape-shp
Line -lin
HScrollBar -hsb
VScrollBar -vsb

VB 6.0: ImageList and ListView Control

ImageList and ListView Control in Visual Basic 6.0

An ImageList Control contains a collection of images that can be used by other Windows Common Control ,Such as ListView,TreeView,TabStrip and ToolBar controls.It does not appeare on the form at run time.It serve as a container for icon that are accessed by other control such as ListView,TreeView,TabStrip and ToolBar controls.
A ListView  control displays data as ListItem objects.each ListItem object can have an optional icon associated with the Label of the object.
1.Click on “Start” . Then select “All Programs, Microsoft Visual Studio 6.0 and  Microsoft Visual Basic 6.0.” .
2. Select “Standard EXE” from the list in the New Project dialog box and click on “Open.” Click on “Project” on the menu bar, then select “Components” from the drop-down menu.
3. Scroll down the list in the box until Microsoft Windows Common Controls 6.0 (SP4) is visible. Click on the checkbox to select the component and then click on “OK.” All components show in the Toolbox.
4. Choose the “ListView1” control from the list of controls in the toolbox. Place the control on the form in Visual Basic.
5. Choose the “ImageList1” control from the list of controls in the toolbox. Place the control on the form in Visual Basic.


















6.Right click on Image control a popup menu is open choose properties option.A Properties Page is open .Click on Images Tab and insert the image as you want. If you want insert more than one picture then click on Insert Picture Button as shown in figure below:










7.Right click on the ListView1 Apopup menu is open choose properties option. A Properties page is open. Click on the imagelist tab and insert the imagelist1  then “OK” as shown in figure below:












8. Double click on Form1.Code window is open.Write code here as shown in figure:











9.Press <F5> to run the program.Output  is  shown below: